A Bibliometric Analysis of Workplace Deviance from 2004 to 2020

Purpose: The primary goal is to oﬀer a bibliometric study of the work on workplace deviation between 2004 and 2020 till December. 650 research publications were examined out of 292 ﬁnalised ﬁnal considerations. The research aims to identify the most signiﬁcant journals in this ﬁeld, the most cited publications in a speciﬁc year, and notable authors. After that, an inter-country co-authorship network map is made available. Methodology: Author used the Web of Sciences database to look at the information about the diﬀerent papers in the study and also used the VOS viewer software to make maps of keyword occurrence,co-authorship network ship between countries, and maps of co-authorship. Findings: The results of this study prove that the leading publication in the year 2017, the most inﬂuential journal, is the Journal of Business Ethics. The most cited paper is about developing a measure of workplace deviance. Furthermore, the most prominent authors are Bennett, R. J., and Robinson, S. L. (2000). The United States and the state university of Florida are the countries and schools with the most patents. Originality/Value: This study provides comprehensive literature on workplace deviance and a reliable picture of this area using bibliometric techniques. The study results help future authors interested in researching this topic.


Introduction
Deviant workplace behaviour among employees is a common problem nowadays in an organization.Workplace deviance is "voluntary behavior that violates significant organisational norms and threatens the wellbeing of an organization, its members, or both" (Robinson & Bennett, 1995, p.556).Robinson and Bennett (1995) outline two types of deviance, namely minor and severe deviance and interpersonal versus organisational deviance.Examples of slight deviant behaviour include going slow, showing favouritism, and leaving the office early, whereas dangerous deviant behaviour includes stealing company assets, accepting kickbacks, and endangering co-workers (Bennett and Robinson, 2000).Deviant behaviour may also involve having supervisory privileges ( Ahmad and Omar, 2013).Other terms used to describe WDB besides "workplace deviance" include an ethical climate (Appelbaum, Deguire, and Lay 2005), workgroup structure and having supervisory privileges (Ahmad , and Omar,2013).Other terms used to describe WDB include an ethical climate (Appelbaum, Deguire, and Lay 2005), workgroup structure organisational justice , , and anti-social behaviour (Giacalone & Greenberg, 1997), organizational cynicism (Giacalone & Greenberg, 1997), organisational cynicism (Giacalone & Greenberg, 1997)According to Appelbaum, Icon, and Matousek (2007), deviant behaviour is categorized into two types, namely constructive and destructive deviance.Constructive deviance leads to an employee being sufficiently motivated to perform for an organization.In contrast, destructive deviance involves intentional engagement in behaviour that harms the organization and its members.Coffin (2003) stated that 33% to 75% of employees engage in deviant activities.
Research on WDB is an area of integrity in Western nations to comprehend the many causes and effects of deviant behaviour and its impact on organisational commitment and productivity.Diefendroff and Mehta (2007) estimate that workplace deviation causes firms to lose $6-10 billion annually, accounting for 15-20 per cent of company failures.
Much like it is mentioned before, WDB and counterproductive behaviour are hot topics in Western academics, but they are lacking in the context of Asian nations and India.In India, it was also thought that theft, sabotage, information theft, and disrespectful behaviour were rising.Deviance behaviour can be aimed either towards organisations or individuals, with its effects on the overall organisation including poorer employee engagement and productivity as well as higher employee turnover and absenteeism (Bennett & Robinson, 2000;Hoel & Saline, 2003).
The employee dealing with such abnormal behaviour is more likely to quit and experience stress at work, which will ultimately cause him to lack confidence, feel more afraid, and experience psychological issues (O'leary-Kelly, Griffin, & Gilew, 1996).

This paper tries to answer the following questions:
Which journal has published the maximum number of papers on workplace deviance?
In which year has the maximum number of papers been published?Which studies on workplace deviation are the most frequently cited?Who is the most active writer?Which nations and organizations are the most successful?
Which authors have collaborated with other writers the most?
What keywords appear the most frequently?
The current paper is broken up into four sections: The study methods and procedure are covered in Section 2, the results and conclusions of the analysis are examined in Section 3, and the discussion, conclusion, and limits are covered in Section 4.

Research Methodology
A bibliometric analysis was performed in this study to learn about the research done on workplace deviance from 2004 to 2020.A bibliometric analysis provides a network that can be visualised.For instance, in a network based on direct citation, there is often a large difference between nodes in the number of edges they have to other nodes, for instance, highly cited papers, publications, and most prolific authors.In this bibliometric analysis, one usually performs a normalization for these between nodes.Also, bibliometrics supports overlay visualization.In an overlay visualization, color indicates nodes that have a particular property.For example, nodes may highlight different journals, and colour represents the number of times a paper and journal have been cited (van Eck et al., 2013;Waltman et al. 2013;Vankaan et al. 2013;Klautz et al. 2013).Another visualisation is supported by Vos's density visualization.In this visualization, colours indicate how many nodes are distributed in the twodimensional space underlying the visualization.The density visualisations immediately identify the dense area where many nodes are close to each other.For this study, the author used data from the Web of Science database.This data has a good scope of workplace deviance literature and is the most popular data source for bibliometric analysis.The database was used for searching papers related to workplace deviance published from 2004 to 2020.The Web of Science database is chosen because of its broader coverage area of quality journals.The keywords "workplace deviance" were used for searching the papers.These keywords were used to determine which papers only contained (workplace deviance) from research papers, articles, and title abstracts; after using the filter, 650 papers were reflected; authors confirmed that all of these papers were closely related to the searched keywords through manual review.It was found that out of 650 articles, 216 were unrelated to keywords or relatively different topics.
Hence they were excluded from this study.Only 292 papers were considered for this study.
• Journals with a maximum publication The Vos Viewer 1.6.9software was used for coauthorship network analysis, inter-country coauthorship network analysis, and keyword cooccurrence network analysis.Vos Viewer is a free software tool used for creating maps based on network data, and it also helps in visualising and exploring these maps.Furthermore, it can be seen that most papers have been published in the last four years.The number of documents exponentially increased from 5 to 71 from 2014 to 2019.This clearly shows that the interest of researchers has grown tremendously in this field in recent times.The 682 writers of each of the 292 publications in the study are the owners of each one.After the data was analysed, a list of the top ten writers with the most publications was created.Further research revealed Prof. Bennett RJ to be the author of the most studies on workplace deviation, totaling seven.At the University of Central Florida, the author is an assistant professor of management at the moment.The Web of Science result shows the top ten countries with the maximum number of papers on workplace deviance.The first author's country was recognised as the country of origin for the paper.The United States of America tops the list with 140 total papers.China, Canada, Australia, and England are the top countries with the highest number of documents.It is essential to notice that out of 434 articles in the study, more than half, i.e., 308 total papers, are contributed by the authors of the top ten countries.This highlights the various countries whose authors contributed more than two papers.Looking forward to the major institutions with a higher number of published articles on workplace deviance, the most crucial institute is the State University of Florida, with a total of 20 papers.Figure 5 shows that the National University of Singapore, the Pennsylvania Commonwealth of Higher Education, Auburn University, and the University of Georgia are among the other schools that have contributed more than ten papers.

Co-authorship network analysis
The VOSviewer 1.6.9programme was used to analyse the co-authorship network.A tool called VOSviewer is used to create and display bibliometric maps.Inter-country co-authorship is discussed in this section.This analysis has to determine which countries have the maximum number of co-authored with other countries.There were a total of 38 countries in the data set.The Vos viewer software has been used to find out how many countries have connected to each other; 31 countries were connected in terms of co-authorship.Also, it was found that authors from the United States of America, China, Canada, Australia, and England have co-authored with the authors of other countries.The keyword co-occurrence network analysis aims to find out which terms have been used frequently in the different papers in this study.This analysis aids in giving a more in-depth understanding of the subjects and ideas the scholars have primarily concentrated on in the current situation.To examining is a process that VOSviewer uses often.It makes a map where the distance between different terms is used to show how related different keywords are.The relationship between two or more words is stronger when there is less space between them.The cooccurrences in the articles were examined to ascertain how closely the periods were related (Van Eck et al., 2010).The top fifty terms that appeared the most frequently in the data set are listed in Table 1.The terms "workplace deviance" and "deviance" are used a combined 1223 times in the data collection.The data collection contained numerous other keywords that were interchangeable with "workplace deviance," such as "abusive supervision," "justice," "ethical leadership," etc.By totaling up all of these terms, it was discovered that the data set had 263 keywords with entrepreneurial objectives.This implies that out of the 650 of the 292 papers included in the , analysis, 282 contain the keyword "workplace deviance" or similar terms.The network map of keyword cooccurrences is shown in Figure 9.The data collection had 550 keywords in total.Only the 263 terms that appeared more than three times in the data set were chosen to create the network map.The display multiples lines connecting various terms The lines show that these keywords have appeared together in different papers in the data set.The network map (Figure 9) in the VOSviewer.The software was looked at more, and Table 1 had just about every other maxim.Figure 9's keyword occurrence shows that the words that are used together with "workplace deviance," "deviance," or "deviant" are used more often.This map can offer a quick glimpse into the many subjects, geographic regions, and study techniques the researchers are currently using.For instance, the fact that the terms "meta-analysis" and "mediating" Business workplace deviance The words "antecedents" and "five factor model" bshow that researchers used SEM to make a model of bad behaviour at work.

Discussion and Conclusion
This study shows that there has been a wide range of studies on workplace deviation over the last nineteen years.Based on the study's research questions, it was discovered that the Springer-published Journal of Business Ethics is the journal that has published the most articles on workplace deviation.The most research has been done in the previous six years, especially in 2017.The study with the most citations discusses creating a scale for workplace misbehaviour Bennett, R. J and Robinson, S. L., (2000).Most prolific authors are Bennett, R. J., and Robinson, S. L. (2000).The nation with the most papers submitted by its writers in the United States of America is Authors from the same nation have regularly collaborated with authors from other nations.
Additionally, the keyword co-occurrence network analysis revealed that "workplace deviance," "antecedents," "abusive supervision," "performance," and "consequences" are the keywords that appear most frequently.The limitations of this study might also be seen as suggestions for future research.First, this study has only considered papers that were published between January 2004 and November 2020.The breadth of prospective analysis can be increased.Second, because the Web of Science database was employed in this study's paper search, papers whose journals were not indexed in Scopus were left out of the analysis.In the future, other databases like Wiley and Inderscience will be able to perform comparable studies.Third, articles produced in other languages were not included in our analysis; only those papers written exclusively in English were.The next constraint is that no master's theses, doctorate dissertations, or unpublished publications on workplace deviance were included in the data set used in this study; instead, only the results from the Web of Science database were used as a source.
As a result, in future studies, data gathered from such sources can be compared to outcomes of analysis.Despite this, it is still thought that a thorough bibliometric analysis was given, and numerous significant papers were included in this study.It is claimed that this research endeavour sheds fresh light on the literature on workplace deviation.This study is anticipated to be a useful source of knowledge for the scientific community interested in undertaking further research in this field.

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Year-wise publication • The paper with the most citations • The most prolific writers • The most prolific countries and institutions • Co-authorship network analysis • Inter-country co-authorship network analysis • Co-occurrence network analysis is a keyword.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1-Journal with the maximum publication

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Most cited paper year wise

Figure 5 :Figure 6 :
Figure 5: Most prolific institutionsThe top ten institutions with the maximum number of papers on workplace deviance are listed below.The most published institution for the paper, the State University of Florida, tops the list with 20 total articles.The top two countries, with fourteen publications each, are Pennsylvania State University and the National University of Singapore.Subsequent to the eleven papers published on workplace deviance by Figure 8. Inter-country occurrence map of various countries author, who researched workplace deviance

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Keywords occurrence network, map of various keywords, which occurred in different Paper related to workplace deviance (Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000)a list of the ten most cited papers is presented.The most cited paper, totalling 3,294 citations, is "Development of a measure of workplace deviance"(Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000)).This research paper initially developed a model of workplace deviance, which consists of a set of nineteen questions.Researchers across the globe widely use this questionnaire.The second most cited paper by Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I. E., & Erez, A. (2016) has 398 citations.This study was conducted in two parts.The first part consists of a review of the literature published from 1999 to 2013, and the second part describes research findings published in various journals.Also, the researcher highlighted three types of incivility ( experienced, witnessed, and instigated incivility).
A Bibliometric Analysis of Workplace Deviance from 2004 to 2020 Management Insight Vol.19, No.1; 2023