COMMERCE RESEARCH REVIEW

Technology-Driven Growth and its Welfare Implications: Evidence from Indian Industry

2026-04-27T14:08:50+00:00

Abstract
The significance of productivity and efficiency can be understood in several perspectives. The theory of distribution states
that, at equilibrium, each factor of production is remunerated in proportion to its marginal product. From an industrial
perspective, higher productivity leads greater production efficiency, thereby enhancing firms and industries. From the
viewpoint of welfare: productivity shows how well an economy can make greater goods with fewer factors of production,
like people or money, while decreasing the costs of making and using products. From the 1980s onwards, as technology
develops, almost all economies have experienced a persistent fall in labour’s share in national income compared to Capital’s
Share. A shrinking proportion of income going to workers in the form of wages and benefits tends to widen income
inequality, thereby reduces economic growth. In India, too, has a similar trend since the 1980s, with the share of wages and
salaries in gross value added showing a declining trend (ILO 2017). Rising capital intensity has led to a contraction in labour
demand, while shifts in the composition of capital have introduced biases in labour demand. As these developments
occurred, the share of wages relative to gross value added has decreased (Thomas Piketty, 2014). Labour is receiving a
lower proportion and decrease in labour's bargaining power has declined the union membership and rise in unemployment.
Thus, this view is gaining increasing significance within the current discourse of development policy. This study identifies
the persistent and significant decline in welfare effects of Automaton on Indian industrial sector.

Key words: Technology; Productivity; Automation; Economic Growth; India KLEMS; Social welfare

The Role of Self-Help Groups in Business Growth: An Empirical Analysis among Women Entrepreneurs in Jammu & Kashmir

2026-04-27T14:13:53+00:00

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) on the business growth of women entrepreneurs in the
conflict-affected region of Central Kashmir (Srinagar, Budgam, and Ganderbal). Amidst the distinct socio-political
instability and post-pandemic disruptions in Jammu & Kashmir, this research employs a convergent mixed-methods
design, analyzing survey data from 220 entrepreneurs and qualitative insights from 25 interviews. Findings reveal that
while SHGs provide essential social capital and moderate financial access, significant gaps persist in capacity-building
support, particularly in digital marketing and access to technical resources. Regression analysis confirms that capacity
building support is a stronger predictor of business growth (β = -0.43) than socio-financial support. The study identifies a
critical "importance-achievement gap" in technological adoption, where entrepreneurial needs far outstrip current SHG
provisions. These results suggest that to foster genuine resilience in this fragile, conflict-affected context, SHGs must
transition from microcredit-centric models to comprehensive, tech-enabled entrepreneurial ecosystems. The paper
concludes with actionable policy recommendations for integrating digital literacy and market linkages into SHG
frameworks.

AI-Related Operational Efficiency and Management Quality in Selected Indian Banks: A CAMELS ‘M’ Proxy Analysis

2026-04-27T14:36:24+00:00

Abstract
This paper examines AI-related operational efficiency and management quality in selected Indian banks through a proxy
based CAMELS ‘M’ perspective. The study focuses on State Bank of India, HDFC Bank, and ICICI Bank and uses recent
secondary data for FY2024 and FY2025 drawn from annual reports, investor presentations, official bank disclosures, and
Reserve Bank of India sources. Since management quality is not directly observable in a short secondary-data design, the
analysis employs cost-to-income ratio, business per employee, and profit per employee as practical proxy indicators of
managerial efficiency, cost discipline, and resource utilization. The study adopts a descriptive and comparative analytical
approach using ratio analysis, inter-bank comparison, and interpretive ranking. The findings suggest that ICICI Bank shows
the strongest overall position on the selected proxy indicators, while HDFC Bank also reflects a relatively efficient
operating profile, though merger-related comparability issues require caution. SBI shows visible improvement in the latest
year but remains relatively more cost intensive. The paper concludes that a cautious proxy-based CAMELS ‘M’ approach
can generate useful comparative insight in technology-shaped banking environments.

Digitalisation in Hospitality: Investigating Hotel Employees’ Views on Technological Advancements and Role Adaptation in Central India

2026-04-27T14:34:59+00:00

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of digitization on employee roles and customer experiences in the hospitality sector, with
a specific focus on gender-based perceptual differences in France. As hotels increasingly implement technologies such as
AI-driven concierge systems, digital check-in interfaces, and IoT-enabled services, the importance of human interaction in
service delivery remains central. Adopting a mixed-methods design, the research analyses how male and female employees
and guests perceive and respond to digital transformation initiatives. The findings indicate significant gender-based
differences in technology adoption, comfort levels, and perceived service quality. Employees are required to navigate a dual
responsibility—engaging with advanced digital tools while maintaining personalized service standards. The study further
emphasises the role of digital literacy and continuous reskilling, highlighting the need for inclusive and demographic
sensitive training programs. Drawing on Kae et al.’s (2011) perception framework, it underscores the influence of cognitive,
affective, and behavioural dimensions in shaping technology acceptance. Additionally, contextual factors such as cultural
background, socio-economic conditions, and trust are found to affect technology use, raising concerns around digital
exclusion. The study offers practical implications for hospitality management, including the need for gender-sensitive
training, employee involvement in technological innovation, and alignment of digital strategies with evolving customer
expectations.

A Study on Angel Investing in India: Future Opportunities and Challenges

2026-04-27T14:43:57+00:00

Abstract
Angel investing is the most trusted way to deploy private capital into India’s leading venture-backed companies. With a
focus on identifying emerging opportunities and challenges, the study analyzes investment trends, regional disparities, and
the profile of Angel Investors. The paper explores the role of Angel Investors in fostering innovations and supporting early
stage startups. Furthermore, it investigates the potential of emerging sectors, evaluates government initiatives, and
addresses critical challenges such as Risk Management, Regulatory hurdles, and limited exit options. By providing
comprehensive insights, this research aims to contribute valuable knowledge for stakeholders, guiding Angle Investors,
Startups and policymakers towards a more vibrant and sustainable Angle Investing ecosystem in India. By offering through
insights, this study seeks to benefit stakeholders by directing Angel Investors, Companies, and legislators towards a more
thriving and long-lasting Angle Investing markets.
This research will be focused on collecting data from various government startups promotion Schemes which government
had formulated under the Agenda of Atma Nirbhar Bharat which aims at proving funds startups at their early stages who
have potential to grown in near future. The research data will be analyzed by using various trend analysis which will
facilitate comparison between the growth of Angle Investing in present time as compared to past years and also the trend
will be showing that what is the expected growth of Angle investing in future in comparison to current trends.

Cyber Crime: A Serious Threat to the Country

2026-04-27T14:52:03+00:00

Abstract
We are living in an era in which people increasingly rely on mobile gadgets and internet-enabled devices to perform most of
their daily activities. Personal information is no longer completely private because the adoption of computer networks for
work and communication. Similarly, due to the progression in different kinds of computer networks, cybercrimes have also
progressed, as the use of new technology has enabled a better future for cybercriminals. There is a huge count of
cybercrimes occurring in the country every day, which is becoming difficult for the public to detect, leading them towards
increased complexities while trying to prevent them. This phenomenon has further led people towards the use of various
kinds of cyber technology, which makes the public more prone to cybercrimes. This kind of cybercrime leads the public
towards huge economic as well as a threat to their integrity. With changing technologies and user needs, cybercrime
methods continue to evolve, intensifying associated threats. This study aims to raise awareness about the various types of
cybercrimes prevalent in society, examine their causes and threats, and highlight effective preventive measures. The
information is based on data and publications derived from news reports, news portals, and related websites. The results
indicate a unanimous increase in the prevalence of cyber fraud across states, however significant disparities among states on
reporting, actual financial losses, and recovery rates. Further, the analysis shows that while reporting mechanisms have
been strengthened, the recovery rates remain inappropriately low. This indicates a need to strengthen preventive measures
as well as awareness campaigns.

Impact of Sales Promotional Tools on Online Shopping Behaviour: A Case Study of Shekhawati Region

2026-04-27T15:04:13+00:00

Abstract
Rapidly growing e-commerce has Impacted consumer purchasing behaviour, particularly through the increasing use of
digital sales promotional strategies, as indicated by previous studies. This study analyzes the impact of digital sales
promotional instruments on online buying pattern in the Shekhawati area of Rajasthan, encompassing the districts of Sikar,
Churu, and Jhunjhunu. The study's primary purpose is to assess the efficacy of significant promotional instruments,
including discount, coupon, BOGO and other offers, while analyzing the effect of demographic Factors on customer
responses to various promotional methods. The study mostly relies on primary data collected from 396 respondents through
a structured questionnaire. The reliability was looked at with Cronbach’s alpha and the data were examined using SPSS
software. A range of statistical methods, such as descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, and over seventy chi-square tests,
were utilized to investigate the links among promotional tools, demographic characteristics, and online shopping
behaviour. The findings reveal that digital sales promotional tools have a significant positive influence on consumers’ online
purchasing behaviour. Discounts and combo offer were identified as the most effective in attracting customers and
stimulating purchase decisions. The findings show that demographic factors such as age, income, and education also play a
significant role in shaping consumers’ responses to different promotional tools. Additionally, the study has certain
limitations like a limited geographical scope, non-probability sampling, a short time frame, and a small sample size. This
study offers an empirical and contextual understanding of the Shekhawati region that has not been examined in earlier
research, which makes it a significant contribution to the field despite its limits.

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Accounting Profession in India

2026-04-27T15:11:58+00:00

Abstract
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in the global accounting profession, and
India is no exception. This paper investigates how AI is impacting the accounting profession in India — examining changes
in task composition, skill-requirements, audit and assurance practice, regulatory environment, and the evolving role of
accountants. Drawing upon a broad review of academic literature, practitioner surveys and recent industry developments in
India, the study identifies five major themes: automation of routine tasks; enhanced analytics and decision-support
functions; shifting skill-profiles and education needs for accounting professionals; governance, ethical and regulatory
challenges; and differentiated adoption patterns across firm-sizes and sectors. The paper further examines the readiness of
Indian accounting professionals and institutions for AI adoption, the implications for accounting education and career
pathways, and outlines strategic recommendations for researchers, educators and policymakers. Empirical evidence from
recent Indian focused studies suggests that while AI adoption remains nascent in many small and medium firms,
early‐adopters are already reporting improvements in efficiency, accuracy and advisory capability. However, significant
barriers—such as lack of digital skills, data quality issues, cost of implementation and regulatory uncertainty—remain. The
paper concludes by pointing to a research gap in longitudinal empirical analysis of AI adoption in Indian accounting firms,
and proposes a mixed-methods research design to address it. The contribution lies in providing a structured framework for
analysing AI’s impact on accounting profession in Indian context and offering actionable insights for academia,
professional bodies and policy makers.

Assessing the Role of Technology in Enhancing Knowledge Management Systems in Indian MNCs

2026-04-27T13:53:31+00:00

Abstract
In today's knowledge-intensive and globally distributed business environments, where long-term competitiveness depends
on the efficient use of organisational knowledge, knowledge management (KM) has become a crucial strategic function.
This study's main goal is to investigate how knowledge management might improve organisational performance and
growth, with a strong focus on technology-enabled KM methods used by Indian multinational corporations (MNCs). The
study aims to identify common KM techniques, assess the efficacy of KM technologies, and examine the technological and
organisational issues arising in the course of KM implementation
A systematic questionnaire was used to gather primary data from knowledge workers working for certain Indian
multinational companies in a diverse range of industries, such as manufacturing, financial services, information technology,
and pharmaceuticals. The intensity of KM technology adoption, the perceived efficacy of KM systems, and their effects on
knowledge sharing, organisational learning, employee productivity, and the overall organization performance were all
assessed using quantitative methods including inferential analysis and descriptive statistics.
The findings indicate that among the most popular KM technologies in Indian MNCs are collaborative platforms, document
management systems, intranet-based knowledge repositories, and enterprise information systems. The main advantages of
technology-enabled knowledge management strategies, according to respondents, are increased organisational learning,
quicker decision-making, and better information accessibility. However, a number of issues limit these systems' efficacy,
such as poor organisational culture, opposition to information sharing, a lack of strategic alignment between KM programs
and company goals, and inadequate staff awareness and training. By highlighting the necessity of an integrated knowledge
management approach that synchronises technology infrastructure with organisational culture, leadership commitment,
and continuous learning mechanisms, the study draws attention to significant managerial consequences.